Penjing tray landscape, potted landscape, or miniature rocks and trees, is the ancient Chinese art of presenting artistically shaped trees, other plants, and landscapes in miniature.
Penjing can generally be classified into one of three categories: [ 1 ]
- Tree penjing ( shumu penjing ): Tree penjings focus on displaying one or more trees, and sometimes other plants, in a container, the main elements of which are shaped by the creator through cutting, pruning, and deforming with the help of wires.
- Landscape penjing ( shanshui penjing ): Landscape penjing depicts a miniature landscape through the careful selection and shaping of stones, which are usually placed in a container in contact with water. Small live plants are added to complete the display.
- Water and land penjing ( shuihan penjing ): This style of penjing effectively combines the first two, including miniature trees and sometimes miniature figures and structures to reproduce a landscape in detail.
Similar practices exist in other cultures, such as the Japanese bonsai and saikei traditions , and the miniature living landscapes of the Vietnamese hon non bo . In general, penjin tree specimens differ from bonsai in that they allow a greater variety of tree forms (more "wild" in appearance) and may be planted in brightly colored and creatively shaped containers. Bonsai , on the other hand, have simpler forms (more "refined" in appearance), with proportionally wider trunks, and are planted in low-sided, unobtrusive containers with simple lines and muted colors.
While saikei feature living landscapes in containers, much like water and land penjing , they do not use miniatures to decorate the living landscape. Hon non bo focuses on island and mountain landscapes, usually in contact with water, and decorated with living trees and other plants. Like water and land penjing, examples of hon non bo can include figures, vehicles, and structures. The distinctions between these traditional forms have been blurred by some practitioners outside Asia, as their aficionados explore the potential of plants and containers made of various local materials without strict adherence to traditional styles and standards of presentation.
Classical Chinese gardens often feature miniature tree and rock arrangements known as penjing. These carefully pruned rock and tree creations are small-scale interpretations of natural landscapes. They are often considered living sculptures or three-dimensional poetry. Their artistic composition captures the spirit of nature and distinguishes them from ordinary potted plants.
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