Origin of the components of the Penjing, the Chinese bonsai.

Mural from the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai of the Tang Dynasty (AD 706), with pebble tray and miniature fruit trees

When foreign trade brought new herbs to China in the second century BC, a particular incense burner was designed.  The boshanlu pedestal cup was topped with a pierced lid in the shape of one of the sacred mountains or islands, such as Mount Penglai (which was the focus of many beliefs at the time), usually with images of mythological animals and people along its slopes. Smaller versions of the pen -shaped dish were sometimes used as saucers to catch hot embers, or to be filled with water to represent the ocean over which the sacred mountains and islands stood. Originally made of bronze, ceramic, or talc stone, some later versions are thought to have been interestingly shaped stones that were sometimes partially covered with moss and lichen to enhance the miniature value.

From at least the first century AD, Taoist mysticism included the recreation of magical places in miniature to enhance and enhance the properties found in the full-size places. The various schools of Buddhism introduced from India from the mid-  2nd century AD included the meditative Dhyana sect , whose translations of Sanskrit texts sometimes use Taoist terminology to express disembodied concepts. Floral altar decorations were also introduced, and floral designs began to become a dominant force in Chinese art. Five centuries later, the Chán school of Buddhism was founded, in which revitalized Dhyana Buddhist teachings were fused with native Chinese Taoism. Chán retained its predominantly active and vital spirit even as other Buddhist sects became more formal and rigid.

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